ХХ ғасырдың басындағы қазақ дәстүрлі қоғамының трансформациясы: әлеуметтік-мәдени аспектілері

Abstract

The article is devoted to an analysis of the socio-cultural dimension of the transformation of Kazakh society in the early twentieth century — a period characterized by intensive modernization processes and the emergence of new forms of public consciousness. As the Kazakh steppe was incorporated into the administrative, economic, and cultural space of the Russian Empire, the traditional system of social relations and values underwent significant changes. The study pays particular attention to transformations in the spheres of culture, education, identity, and public thought, which reflect the transition from a traditional social model to a modernized form of social organization. The authors examine the transformation of clan and tribal identity, the evolution of mechanisms of socialization, and the changing role of traditional institutions in the context of the spread of written culture and the growth of educational attainment. The article analyzes the influence of the Russian-Kazakh educational system, the activities of Muslim educational institutions, and the reformist ideas of the Kazakh intelligentsia on the formation of a new cultural space. It is demonstrated that education and enlightenment functioned as key instruments of social modernization and of interpreting cultural change. Special attention is given to the analysis of publicist writings and periodical press of the early twentieth century, where debates on the paths of Kazakh societal development, the role of the national language, and the relationship between traditional values and modernizing orientations were articulated. These sources make it possible to identify the processes of the formation of national self-consciousness and the emergence of a new social identity based not on clan affiliation but on cultural and national characteristics. The article concludes that the socio-cultural transformation of Kazakh society in the early twentieth century was complex and contradictory in nature, combining elements of tradition and modernization. This period laid the foundations for subsequent socio-cultural changes and played a significant role in shaping Kazakh national identity in the decades that followed.