Bulletin of the Karaganda university History. Philosophy series
Academician Ye.A. Buketov Karaganda University
New perspectives on the application of Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction
The study describes Derrida’s deconstructive analysis as a method, directed to search for contradictions andprejudices, to discover the unconscious in the system, and to reveal the insufficiency of basic assumptions.The new vision of the concept of deconstruction has been analysed. Language is considered through the prismof structuralism and deconstruction. Derrida’s deconstructive approach aims to preserve the structural integri-ty of writing while challenging the notion of inherent meaning. In Western traditional philosophy and culturaltheory, the concept of being and the relation of the subject to the objective world are conceptualised primarilyin terms of presence. The results of this study are significant and can be used in different courses of the Con-temporary European philosophy. Information of article has new perspectives, because it can be applicated innew scientific projects directed to study linguistic philosophy. Through research methods, the study discov-ered new aspects of linguistic philosophy, and theory of deconstruction
The Philosophy of the Rider and Artificial Intelligence: Movement, Freedom, Power
This article offers a philosophical reflection on how freedom, movement, and inner intuition can be preservedin the digital age. By comparing the figure of the horse rider in nomadic culture with the phenomenon of arti-ficial intelligence, the author reinterprets the concepts of motion, freedom, and power. The rider is presentednot merely as a person in control of transport, but as a sentient subject capable of intuitively and bodily en-gaging with space. In contrast, artificial intelligence can simulate movement but lacks the capacity to feel it.The paper identifies fundamental differences between nomadic consciousness and algorithmic logic, while al-so exploring potential points of convergence. The study calls for a humanistic reevaluation of technology—not a rejection, but a search for ways of living with it in a manner worthy of the human being. The authorraises a critical question: do we still choose our own path, or have algorithms already made the decisions forus? The conclusion suggests that the digital era does not erase nomadic consciousness but transforms it into anew form—a kind of digital horsemanship. The article serves as a philosophical invitation to rediscover hu-man existence and freedom within a digital world.
Visual anthropology and the phenomenology of the gaze in cinema
This study is devoted to the interplay between visual anthropology and the phenomenology of the gaze in cin-ema, emphasizing the viewer’s perception as an active participant in the cinematic experience. Contemporaryvisual technologies enhance the significance of subjective perception, while the phenomenological approachenables a deeper understanding of how cinematic images affect the spectator. The aim of this work is to ana-lyse how cinematic means shape the perception of space, time, and corporeality. The research addresses as-pects such as the influence of visual elements on the construction of cultural identities and the analysis ofpower perception through visual techniques. The methodology integrates phenomenology, visual analysis andanthropological approaches, providing a comprehensive examination of the subject. The originality of thestudy lies in its interdisciplinary approach to analyzing visual strategies in cinema and their impact on theperception of reality. The findings demonstrate that cinema not only reflects the world but actively partici-pates in the formation of social norms and identities. The camera functions not as a passive instrument but asan active agent in the process of meaning-making. This research is useful for cinema practitioners, media ed-ucators and cultural scholars seeking a deeper understanding of visual practices and their influence on audi-ences.
Collective Errors and Mechanisms of Deception: From John Locke’s Typology of Mistakes to Contemporary Epistemology
Since the 20th century, in the field of social epistemology, the collectivist interpretation of the concept oftruth has become a priority over the collectivist one. Thus, it can be said that this was a response to the one-sided egocentric approach promoted by modernism. From this point of view, not only the concept of truth,but also such phenomena as delusion, lie, error, began to be assessed not as a result of the mental operationsof one person, but as an error of society as a whole. In particular, the assessment of truth as a phenomenonthat is not discovered, but created, prompted philosophers to re-analyze the origins of the concept of error, toconsider the role of not only intellectual, but also other forces (religious, political, etc.). In this sense, the ap-proach of John Locke, as one of the first philosophers to emphasize the social and collectivist nature of error,and the expansion of his position and synthesis with the ideas of modern philosophers, is the central argumentof the article. John Locke’s views, giving different types of errors, are mainly contrasted with the ideas ofsuch philosophers as M. Foucault, B. Latour and R. Proctor. The article specifically examines the relation-ships between such concepts as mechanisms of persuasion as sources of errors, active and passive forms ofignorance, agnogenesis, regimes of truth, intellectual laziness and misleading truths. The listed concepts aremainly assessed as methods of deception and means of extracting benefits from deceiving society.
Strategic hybridity: National modernization and cultural security in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
This article provides a philosophical analysis of cultural security in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan under theconditions of globalization, introducing the concept of “strategic hybridity”. The study critically examines theapplication of the theories of homogenization, glocalization, and hybridization. It demonstrates that none ofthese paradigms, taken in isolation, can fully capture the complex cultural dynamics of the region; rather,their dialectical interplay becomes evident. The phenomenon of “McDonaldization” is shown to encounteraxiological resistance from local traditions of hospitality and social practices. Glocalization is analyzed as aprocess manifested in cultural initiatives aimed at constructing a national brand. “Strategic hybridity” is con-ceptualized as the conscious selection, adaptation, and recoding of global cultural forms in order to addressthe tasks of national modernization and reinforce renewed identity. The empirical basis includes comparativeanalysis of cultural strategies, patterns of digital media consumption, as well as case studies in music (Q-pop,KG-pop) and the fashion industry in both countries. The conclusion asserts that Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstanare shaping a “third way” between Westernization and isolationism, transforming the resources of globaliza-tion into instruments of their cultural projects, thereby ensuring cultural security in the new era
The article attempts to philosophically consider the mythological worldview, on the one hand, as an early his-torical type of explanation and understanding of the world, and on the other, as a specific way of thinking andhuman attitude to the world, mixed with the play of feelings, original imagination. The prerequisites and fea-tures of the mythological worldview are revealed, the key markers of the mythological narrative that ensurethe authenticity of the myth are highlighted, and the main functions of the myth are revealed. The concept ofmyth as a vivid expression of the autochthonous symbolic culture, which has not been fully unraveled in themodern world, is considered. This is precisely what caused the emergence of the main philosophical and cul-tural concepts of the interpretation of myth, contradictory and self-valuable, as well as the formation in thisregard of various philosophical and cultural schools in understanding and comprehension of the myth. Ac-cording to most researchers, it was the mythological picture that laid the foundation for all others, represent-ing the “childhood” in the spiritual history of mankind. As is known, the foundations of spiritual and cogni-tive (cognitive) guidelines are laid in childhood, which means that the mythological worldview implicitly (in-directly), in a folded, embryonic state, contains markers of all subsequent worldview pictures — religious,philosophical, scientific. However, the ability to create myths has not “sunk into oblivion”. Moreover, mod-ern myth-making is gaining visible momentum in various areas of human and social activity, destroying theusual markers of defining the mythological type of worldview
Continuity of health of soul and body: in the context of philosophical views and medical paradigms
In the era of globalization, socio-cultural transformations and the expansion of the information space haveprofoundly influenced the content and methodology of health research. In contemporary science, the conceptof health is no longer confined to biological parameters but is interpreted as a biopsychosocial phenomenonthat necessitates a comprehensive examination of the interrelation among the physical, psychological, and so-cial dimensions of human existence. Within this framework, understanding mental well-being as a fundamen-tal prerequisite for physical health has become a pivotal direction in interdisciplinary studies of human integ-rity. This article provides a comprehensive philosophical and medical analysis of the interconnection betweenmind and body. Drawing on the works of thinkers and scholars from antiquity to the present day, it elucidatesthe significance of psychosomatic unity in shaping human existence. From a medical-paradigmatic perspec-tive, the reciprocal influence of body and soul is examined, revealing their harmony as a continuation of theholistic worldview within modern scientific thought. The relevance of the study is determined by the increas-ing importance of reinterpreting the unity of mind and body under conditions of spiritual crisis, psycho-emotional instability, and transformation of life values in contemporary society. The research integrates phil-osophical-anthropological and medical perspectives, highlighting the harmony of mind and body as a key de-terminant of human well-being and quality of life. The findings substantiate that physical health is inextrica-bly linked to mental well-being, and that their interdependence constitutes the essential foundation of bothphysical stability and spiritual resilience
Reconfiguration of Kazakh Ethnoaesthetics: Searching for New Artistic Paradigms in the Context of Cultural Globalization
The article analyzes the processes of reconfiguring Kazakh ethnoaesthetics in the context of cultural globali-zation. The authors demonstrate that, contrary to fears of homogenization, the Kazakh aesthetic tradition isnot disappearing but is actively transforming, giving rise to new artistic paradigms at the intersection of tradi-tional cultural codes and global trends. The research relies on an interdisciplinary approach integrating meth-ods from cultural studies, art history, anthropology, and philosophy. The theoretical framework is built on theconcepts of hybridization (N. García Canclini), transculturation (F. Ortiz), glocalization (R. Robertson), andpostcolonial theory (H. Bhabha). The empirical basis consists of specific examples from contemporary Ka-zakh practices in architecture, fashion, visual arts, music, and digital media. Emerging paradigms such as“Nomadic Minimalism” in architecture, “Ethno-Futurism” in design and fashion, “Post-Ethnic Art” in visualpractices, “Sonic Landscape Synthesis” in music, and “Digital Ornamentation” in new media are identifiedand analyzed. The authors emphasize that traditional elements (ornamentation, yurt forms, natural materials,the sound of folk instruments) are creatively reinterpreted, acquiring new significance in a global context. Theconclusion discusses the challenges related to balancing authenticity and commercialization, as well as therole of the state and creative industries in supporting this process. It is concluded that the reconfiguration ofethnoaesthetics contributes to the formation of a dynamic national identity, strengthens Kazakhstan’s positionon the global cultural stage, and stimulates the development of the creative economy. The article contributesto understanding the mechanisms of adaptation of local cultures in the era of globalization
Philosophy of life in the context of neonomadism: traditions and modernity
This article examines neonomadism as a sociocultural and philosophical phenomenon that combines a no-madic lifestyle with the infrastructures of digital capitalism. It analyzes the key motivations for digital no-madism, including the desire for flexibility, freedom, and emancipation from traditional labor relations, aswell as the sociopolitical aspects of this phenomenon. The study aims to philosophically reconstructneonomadism as a form of life (Lebensform), linking it to nomadic traditions and digital technologies; identi-fy its influence on value orientations, social mobility, and labor practices; and outline normative guidelinesfor policy regarding mobile labor. Using an interdisciplinary approach, this article examines the economic,social, and technological aspects of neonomadism, aiming to identify its philosophical, social, and economicaspects, as well as to understand its role in transforming notions of freedom, boundaries, and self-realizationin the context of globalization and the digital economy. The study reveals that neonomadism is becoming notonly a tool for professional self-realization but also an important part of the global process of labor transfor-mation, requiring new approaches to regulation and social integration. A philosophical analysis allows us tounderstand the duality of the phenomenon and establish normative guidelines for mobility policy: supportingautonomy without romanticization, social guarantees without territorialization, and recognizing the nomadiccontribution to cultural and economic diversity
Formation of personality in the context of the mythological form of spiritual communication from the archetype to mass culture
The formation of personality in the historical process is closely connected with the evolution of forms of spir- itual communication, among which myth occupies a special place. The mythological form of conveying meanings is not only an archaic means of symbolic mastering of reality, but also an active mechanism of so- cialization, identification and formation of the individual’s worldview in modern socio-cultural conditions. The article examines the key theoretical interpretations of myth (C. Levi-Strauss, R. Barthes, C.G. Jung, M. Eliade), focusing on its structural, cognitive and ideological functions. Particular attention is paid to the role of archetypes and their impact on the unconscious levels of consciousness, ensuring the continuity of cul- tural models. Modern forms of mythological thinking are analyzed, especially in popular culture, including TV series, cinema and literature, where myth acts as a form of symbolic order that allows individuals to struc- ture their reality and find meaning in conditions of fragmentation. The thesis is substantiated that mythology remains an active element of spiritual life, capable of adapting to new media environments and cultural con- texts. Myth is not just a relic, but a universal language of meanings that ensures the integration of personal experience into collective consciousness.
Transformation of youth national identity in the context of globalization
The article examines the features of the transformation of young people’s national identity in the context ofglobalization processes. It analyzes the contradictions between the desire to preserve national uniqueness andthe influence of global culture, digital technologies, and mass communication. The authors demonstrate thatglobalization does not destroy national identity but rather stimulates its rethinking, contributing to the for-mation of hybrid forms of self-consciousness that combine elements of local and global culture. The aim ofthe study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of youth identity in worldview, cultur-al, and social contexts. Special attention is paid to the structure of national self-consciousness, the issues ofharmonizing national consciousness and cultural identity under globalization, as well as innovative approach-es and cultural practices that influence the formation of the personal and social image of young people. Thepaper also addresses the ethical, social, and aesthetic aspects of the formation of youth identity.
Artificial Intelligence and the Philosophy of Labour: Challenges and Prospects
The article offers a philosophical-ethical account of how labour is being transformed in the era of artificialintelligence. Drawing on classical conceptions of labour (Aristotle, Karl Marx, Hannah Arendt) andcontemporary AI-ethics frameworks, it juxtaposes deontological constraints with utilitarian assessments ofoutcomes, thereby delineating the moral boundaries of permissible automation and the conditions of itslegitimacy. A three tier model is proposed: conceptual foundations agency, dignity, and procedural justice;applied effects of technological unemployment and occupational redesign, algorithmic unfairness and the“responsibility gap”, alongside opportunities to reduce routine, enhance safety, and promote inclusion;operational requirements across the AI lifecycle explainability and traceability, Algorithmic ImpactAssessment, the human-in-the-loop regime, post-market monitoring, as well as reskilling programmes andrecognition of micro-credentials. It is shown that “fair automation” is achievable only when deontological redlines (rights, dignity, non-discrimination) are institutionalised and outcomes are optimised within thesebounds. For the Kazakhstani context, a baseline governance package is proposed: transparent goal-setting,model and dataset “passports”, independent auditing, a right to human review of decisions, and infrastructurefor just labour transitions.
Scholar Amangeldy Aitaly and the phenomenon of national identity: interrelation of culture, language, and national consciousness
The article is devoted to the philosophical comprehension of the phenomenon of national identity as a keydimension of the spiritual and cultural existence in modern society. National identity is viewed as a process ofa nation’s self-determination, in which historical memory, language, and culture form an integral space forthe development of collective consciousness. In the context of globalization and cultural hybridization, the is-sue of preserving national integrity acquires particular significance. The scientific novelty of the study lies inthe philosophical interpretation of the ideas of the Kazakh thinker Amangeldy Aitaly within the framework ofthe contemporary concept of national identity. The methodological foundation of the research is based on his-torical-philosophical, axiological, and hermeneutic approaches. As a result of the analysis, the key philosoph-ical categories determining the spiritual resilience and cultural autonomy of the nation are identified. It isconcluded that national identity is not a static condition but a dynamic process of spiritual self-determinationaimed at preserving historical memory and strengthening cultural sovereignty in a globalizing world. The sig-nificance of the study lies in its contribution to the development of the national philosophy of identity and inthe philosophical understanding of the spiritual foundations of Kazakhstani culture.
Morality and religion in the context of Kazakh philosophy
The article is written within the framework of the dissertation research topic “The problem of the relationshipbetween morality and religion in Kazakh philosophy”. This study deeply analyzes the problem of moralityand religion in the context of Kazakh philosophy. The author connects the relevance of this topic with thespiritual needs, cultural features and historical experience of Kazakh society. The research is aimed at under-standing the spiritual foundations of the Kazakh worldview, raising important topics. The author pays specialattention to the fact that Kazakh philosophy is based on spiritual heritage and moral and ethical valuesinherent in Eastern traditions. Oral tradition, folklore elements, epics, and legends are described as the maintools of philosophical thinking. The collective consciousness of the Kazakh people and their harmonious ex-istence with nature are considered the foundation of the philosophical worldview. After the arrival of Islam inKazakhstan, the Sufi movement strengthened the ideas of spiritual purification and moral perfection in Ka-zakh philosophy, leading to a syncretic nature of Kazakh philosophy—the fusion of shamanic, Islamic, andrational elements. The author, evaluating this peculiarity of Kazakh philosophy as a spiritual and culturalphenomenon, associates its essence with the wisdom of life passed down from generation to generation.
The History of the ‘New Economic Policy’ in the Soviet State in the 1920s of XXth century
Drawing on a wide range of sources, the author examines the implementation of the “New Economic Policy” in the Soviet state during the 1920s. Using historical documents and various official resolutions, the author demonstrates that after the Civil War, a political crisis began in Soviet Russia, which forced the Bolsheviks to move from “War Communism” to the “New Economic Policy”. Under the “New Economic Policy” (NEP), the previous food requisitioning was replaced by a food tax that allowed peasants to sell their surplus on the market, lease land, and use hired labor. At the same time, the state gained control over large-scale industry, leased small-scale industry, permitted foreign concessions, and reorganized enterprises on the principle of self-financing, with salaries differentiated based on qualifications. Financial reforms were introduced to resolve these issues. The article concludes that the NEP functioned as a transitional policy that allowed the Bolsheviks to retain political power.
Preservation of the National Identity of Kazakhs in Turkey: The Role and Legacy of Khalifa Altai
In the mid-20th century, migration from East Turkestan laid the foundation for the formation of the Kazakh diaspora in Turkey. This community faced numerous challenges in preserving its national identity. This article examines the role of Khalifa Altai in maintaining the national identity of the Kazakh diaspora in Turkey. His religious and educational activities became one of the most important pillars of spiritual revival and national unity, not only among Kazakhs in Turkey but also in the Kazakh world as a whole. His legacy and written works were aimed at preserving Kazakh culture, language, and traditions. This study aims to provide a detailed analysis of Khalifa Altai’s role in preserving the national unity of Kazakhs in Turkey. The article examines his political and leadership activities, analyzes the significance of his works and their contribution to the development and preservation of the national consciousness of Kazakhs in Turkey, and highlights their importance for future generations. In the mid-20th century, Kazakhs who migrated from China to Turkey faced the challenge of adapting to a new environment while striving to preserve their national culture and traditions. During this period, Khalifa Altai’s religious and educational activities, his works in the Kazakh language, and his efforts to strengthen national consciousness played a decisive role in maintaining the ethnic unity of Kazakhs in Turkey. The article scientifically examines his creative legacy and political activities, as well as their influence on the transmission of Kazakh culture and traditions to future generations.
Gender as a Category of Historical Analysis: the Methodology of Gender History
At the present stage of the development of historical science, gender history is becoming one of the most promising areas of research, opening up new methodological possibilities for historical analysis and focusing attention on understudied issues concerning the role of women in history. This article is devoted to identifying the main methodological principles of gender history aimed at analyzing the sociocultural context. In this case, the gender approach is defined by an analysis of a set of symbols and images that have formed in culture and are associated with the definition of historically established “gender norms” that have developed in the field of history. Gender analysis also encompasses gender-differentiated social institutions that determine a person’s position in society (education system, political system, family, labor market). This approach makes it possible to create a comprehensive picture of women’s participation in a particular sphere of activity during a specific historical period. The article examines the emergence and development of gender studies in the context of the formation of feminist theories, their integration into the academic sphere, and the application of gender studies methodology in various fields of humanities. The authors analyze the application of the gender approach in the study of history, as well as the prospects for the category of gender in historical and interdisciplinary research. The authors highlight the emergence and formation of gender history, its methodological apparatus, and reveal the possibilities and prospects for the application of gender historical methodology.
The Campaign of Confiscation and Forced Collectivization in Southern Kazakhstan in the late 1920s–early 1930s of the 20th Century
Today, historians and researchers are paying considerable attention to the period of collectivization in Kazakhstan. The vast territory of Kazakhstan requires a regional approach to studying materials from the 1920s and 1930s. In this regard, this article analyzes the history of collectivization in Southern Kazakhstan. The collectivization of agriculture was carried out in Kazakhstan in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The goal was to transform small and inefficient private farms into large communal farms to increase agricultural productivity. The collectivization of agriculture in Kazakhstan, including in Southern Kazakhstan, was carried out by force. Accordingly, the peasants opposed the Soviet government’s collectivization policy. The purpose and objectives of the study are to examine the confiscation of the property of the bais (wealthy Kazakhs) and the process of collectivization of agriculture in Southern Kazakhstan based on archival documents. The study clarified the number of collective farms and the mass reduction of livestock in southern Kazakhstan during the collectivization period. The guilt of Stalin’s administrative-command system, including Goloshchekin’s course “Little October” policy and local authorities in the violent implementation of the collectivization policy, and concludes that the socio-economic situation of peasants deteriorated and traditional Kazakh society in Southern Kazakhstan entered a crisis.
Historiography of the Problem of Kazakh Diaspora in Mongolia
The Kazakh diaspora in Mongolia has long been a subject of academic discourse. Research into the formation and development of the Kazakh diaspora in Mongolia as an independent historical and socio-cultural phenomenon aims to fill a gap in the study of the history of the Kazakh people as a whole. In this regard, the article examines the extent to which the problem of the emigration of the Kazakh population to Mongolia and the formation of the Kazakh diaspora have been studied. The article presents a historiographical overview of the problem of the Kazakh diaspora, citing and analysing the characteristics of the main scientific works of Kazakhstani and foreign researchers. The authors, reviewing the main works on this topic, identify its most studied aspects: the history of the emergence and formation of the Kazakh diaspora in Mongolia and the peculiarities of the position of Kazakhs in Mongolian society at the present stage. An analysis of historiography suggests that the highly relevant issue of the Kazakh diaspora as a significant factor of soft power in Kazakhstan’s foreign policy towards Mongolia remains understudied. A number of works analysed in the article were written in recent decades, which indicates that this topic remains relevant and has not been fully researched. The authors emphasize the need to continue and strengthen Kazakh-Mongolian scientific cooperation for a more in-depth and integrated analysis of the patterns of development and history of the Kazakh diaspora living in Mongolia.
Children in Conditions of “Peasant Exile” in Kazakhstan in the First Half of the 1930s
In the early 1930s, “dispossessed” peasants, along with their families, were evicted from their places of residence to remote regions of the USSR without any court proceedings. A significant number of the exiled peasants was sent to territories that are now part of the Karaganda region. The forced relocation of former kulaks to Kazakhstan was accompanied by the formation of a children’s contingent in special settlements. The socioclass principle determined the policy of the Stalinist leadership in relation to the children of dispossessed parents. A review of historiography suggests that the situation of children in special settlements in Kazakhstan during the first half of the 1930s has not been the subject of special study, and the publications that appeared have addressed only some of its problems. Therefore, the current study is relevant. A holistic view of the history of the “Kulak exile” is impossible without studying the children’s contingent in special settlements. The article analyzes the situation of children living under conditions of “peasant exile” in Kazakhstan in the first half of the 1930s. The key aspects of the stay of the children’s contingent in a special settlement are revealed: daily life, accommodation, housing and household arrangements, food and health care, fertility and mortality. The dramatic fates of children with the social label “children of the kulaks” are shown. The authors found out that the children perceived the expulsion to foreign lands as a tragedy, the collapse of their former lives. In 1930–1933, children in “peasant exile” in Kazakhstan were doomed to a miserable existence and starvation. By the mid-1930s, relatively acceptable living conditions had been formed for them.
History and Activities of the First Kazakh Institute of Education in Tashkent
A comprehensive study and creative use of the historical experience of Kazakhstani education is of particular importance for solving its modern problems. The necessity of studying this topic lies in the fact that the subject of research is the problem of creating a system of pedagogical educational institutions for training teachers with secondary education, including national personnel in the 1920s. In this regard, this article is devoted to the history of the creation and activities of the Kazakh Institute of Education in Tashkent. Its origins date back to October 1918, when, by decision of the People’s Commissariat of Education of the Turkestan Republic, the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Pedagogical Department was opened at the Russian Pedagogical School. Based on archival data, the article analyzes the preparatory measures for the opening of the institute and identifies its sources of funding. The development of the institute’s material base is examined, its students and teaching staff are studied, and the contribution of the first Kazakh institute in Tashkent to the training of personnel for Russian-Kazakh schools in the 1920s is determined. General issues of the organization of the educational process, the evolution of educational programs, and the principles of educational and training work at the institute are revealed.
On the Study of the History of the 1916 Turkestan Uprising through the Lens of School Textbook Analysis
This article focuses on the problem of teaching the topic of “The 1916 Turkestan Uprising” in school curricula based on an analysis of school textbooks from Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Russia. A comparative analysis of the textbooks has revealed differences in the authors’ approaches to assessing and interpreting the causes, reasons, and descriptions of the uprising, statistical data, and the overall historical significance of studying the 1916 uprising for the peoples of Central Asia. The study of the textbooks has also demonstrated similarities in their regional approaches, fragmented interpretations of the holistic event, and differences in the descriptions of the sequence and number of victims of the uprising. Through the study of school textbooks describing the 1916 national liberation uprising in Turkestan, the author offers theoretical conclusions and proposals on the need to further strengthen international cooperation among historians of the Central Asian republics to prepare and publish joint teaching aids, textbooks, and anthologies for secondary and higher educational institutions.
The history of the Suzak uprising: what do archival documents reveal?
The policy of collectivization in Kazakhstan caused mass uprisings due to the destruction of the traditional way of life, the confiscation of livestock and land, forced resettlement, and other repressive measures. One of the largest such uprisings was the Suzak uprising. Studying the history of the Suzak uprising based on archival documents will allow not only to collect, analyze, and organize information on this issue, but also to answer the question of the degree and forms of participation of the Suzak peasantry in anti-Bolshevik protests. The purpose of the study is to understand the prerequisites and circumstances of the emergence of contradictions between the authorities and the rural population at the initial stage of the collectivization of agriculture in the Suzak district, the reasons for the peasants’ transition to active forms of resistance to state measures, and to analyze archival materials on the specified topic. Based on an analysis of archival sources and existing scientific research, the authors substantiate the emergence and deepening of social and economic contradictions in the relationship between the state and the peasants, and examine the course of the uprising, its main stages, and driving forces. The article examines various elements of Bolshevik policy that led to the uprising of the people of the Suzak region and analyzes the actions of Soviet and party authorities aimed at suppressing the Suzak uprising.
The Adaptation Issues of Special Settlers from the North Caucasus in Kazakhstan: Medical Care and Education
This article examines the challenges of adaptation faced by special settlers from the peoples of the North Caucasus deported to Kazakhstan in the 1940s, with a particular focus on issues of medical care and educational integration. Based on the analysis of archival documents, statistical data, and scholarly literature, the main difficulties encountered by the deported populations are identified: high morbidity and mortality rates, a shortage of medical personnel, limited access to healthcare, as well as linguistic and everyday barriers to obtaining education. Special attention is paid to both objective and subjective factors that complicated the adaptation process, including the consequences of war, harsh climatic conditions, lack of housing and food, as well as social insecurity and discrimination. Despite these harsh conditions, the majority of special settlers demonstrated high labor activity, mastered new professions, and made a significant contribution to Kazakhstan’s economy while preserving their cultural identity. The article analyzes the role of the local population in the integration process, as well as the impact of state policy on the quality of medical and educational services. The analysis carried out allows for a deeper understanding of the specifics and duration of the adaptation process of the deported peoples of the North Caucasus in Kazakhstan, and also identifies key directions for further research in this area.
Poles in the Development of Virgin and Fallow Lands in Northern Kazakhstan
This article examines the participation of Polish special settlers in the development of virgin and fallow lands in Northern Kazakhstan. The deportation of Poles from Western Ukraine and Belarus to Kazakhstan in 1936 and the establishment of labor or special settlements for them in the northern region led to the formation of compactly populated areas of these ethnic communities. Such settlements existed in the Shortandy district of the Akmola Region, and in the Krasnoarmeysky and Kellerovsky (now Tayynshinsky) districts of the North Kazakhstan Region. The Polish special settlers deported in 1936 remained in Northern Kazakhstan during World War II. In the 1950s, they actively participated, along with other local ethnic groups, in the development of virgin and fallow lands in this region. Many of the kolkhozes and labor settlements where the special settlers lived were transformed into state-owned virgin land farms (tselina sovkhozes). Poles became involved in the new agrarian reform of the Soviet Union. A striking example includes agricultural workers who were awarded high honors for their contributions during the virgin lands campaign. However, for many years their achievements were left unacknowledged, and therefore, many sources used in this article are new and have not yet been introduced into academic circulation. The article draws on documents from the collection of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State Archive of Akmola Region, and the State Archive of North Kazakhstan Region. In addition, oral sources collected from former Polish special settlers who lived in these areas during the special settlement period and the virgin lands campaign were also used.
Methods and Language of Official Business Communication in the Ulus of Jochi
This article examines the language of official communication in the Ulus of Jochi. The authors discuss the conditions and factors that led to the eventual replacement of the Mongolian language in official correspondence. The article traces the consistent trend of using the most widespread languages of the Mongolian state in the organization of the administration of newly conquered territories, highlights the role and significance of Turkic-speaking tribes in the formation of the written culture of the Mongol Empire, and analyzes the ethnolinguistic conditions for the development of the official language of the Ulus of Jochi. The object of the study is the organization of state record keeping in the Ulus of Jochi, and the subject of the study is the means, form, and practice of communication by state authorities in the Ulus of Jochi. The authors determine the role of the Turkic language in the official paperwork of the Ulus of Jochi and conclude that the predominance of the Turkic-speaking population, as well as close ethno-cultural contacts between Mongolian and Turkic tribes, contributed to the establishment of the official status of the Turkic language in the Ulus of Jochi.
The Religious Situation during the Great Patriotic War and the Early Postwar Years: A Case Study of the History of the Russian Orthodox Church in Kazakhstan
The article analyzes the situation of the Russian Orthodox Church in Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War, its role in political life and historical significance, as well as the restrictions on church activities and the renewed intensification of anti-religious policy in the early postwar years. Based on the reports of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church and the representatives for religious affairs under the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, the study examines the relationship between the state and religion, the emerging problems, and their possible solutions. The aim of the research is to explore the history of the Russian Orthodox Church during the Great Patriotic War, its role in Joseph Stalin’s foreign policy, and its contribution to the victory. The main objectives include analyzing the features of the state policy toward the Church during the war years, identifying its patriotic activity and place in society, and examining the processes of restricting church activity in the postwar period. Information on the Church’s patriotic work, its contribution to the victory, and the collection of clothing, funds, and food for the Red Army is based on archival documents. The study reveals that during the war, a temporary compromise emerged between the state and the Orthodox Church, and religious policy was partially eased. Following a meeting with the archbishops, the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church was established. In the early postwar years, the opening and functioning of churches was restricted, and state control intensified. The Soviet government, having used religion for its own purposes during the war, did not permit most churches in Kazakhstan to resume their activities afterward.
History and Main Directions of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period (1918–1939)
The end of World War I and the revolution in Turkey in 1919–1923 changed the situation in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Eastern Mediterranean. The role of the Turkish Republic after 1923 in the region became one of the most important factors in the formation of a new system of international relations in the interwar period. In this regard, the article describes the events that took place during the war for independence and immediately after it, characterizes the content of the Sevres and Lausanne treaties, and the position of Soviet Russia. The authors show that Mustafa Kemal was able to fully exploit popular discontent with international agreements that were humiliating for Turkey to create and strengthen a new regime that essentially acted as an antagonist to the Ottoman Empire, which had lost the war. In fact, the new state emerged as a reaction to the Treaty of Sèvres and, consequently, prioritized foreign policy issues. The authors note the crucial role of the Soviet Union in the establishment of the republic, as well as the diplomatic, material, and military assistance provided to Mustafa Kemal by the Bolshevik government in the 1920s. It is noted that Turkey’s policy is dominated by such characteristics as caution, passivity, and a desire to maintain the status quo. The article also examines the features and main directions of the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey in the 1930s and attempts to analyze Turkey’s influence on global and regional processes. The role of Turkey in the geopolitical confrontation between rival blocs on the eve of World War II is examined.
The Problem of Sedentarization of the Kazakhs of Central Kazakhstan in the 1930s
The article discusses the characteristics and consequences of the policy of forced sedentarization carried out in Central Kazakhstan in the 1930s. The process of sedentarization was accompanied by political and economic campaigns, such as confiscation of wealth, collectivisation and processing of agricultural products, which led to fundamental changes in the economic life of the Kazakh population. The Soviet authorities regarded the resettlement of the Kazakh nomadic people as an integral part of economic transformation and ideological formation. However, this process was largely carried out by administrative order, without taking into account the natural and geographical conditions and the way of life of the local population. The authors examine the views and conclusions identified in scientific research on the scale and methods of implementation of the process of transition to colonisation, its socio-economic consequences. In addition, the article uses archival documents, to describe the implementation of sedentarization in the central region of Kazakhstan on the basis of data. The authors focus on the shortcomings in the implementation of the resettlement, such as the incorrect selection of resettlement sites, lack of water sources, insufficient arable land and hay meadows, lack of infrastructure and building materials, lack of educational work among the population, etc. The study also looks at the relationship between this policy and Soviet industrialisation. It shows that the task was to create oasis-style agricultural bases to provide food for the developing centres of non-ferrous metallurgy in the region. In addition, the article examines and explains the consequences of Soviet modernisation in the Kazakh steppe, such as forced sedentarization, on the basis of archival documents.
Kazakh Bais and Their Role in the Development of Society in the Late 19th and Early 20th centuries
This study examines the social profile of bais in Kazakh society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, considering their property, social characteristics, and legal status. The authors identify the forms and features of entrepreneurial activity and provide a detailed analysis of the economic and socio-political activities of the bais, and reveal their role in the development of culture and charity through patronage and assistance to the needy. The authors demonstrate the diverse forms of entrepreneurship in animal husbandry, agriculture, various trades, and industries related to the processing of agricultural products, and they summarize the significance of major economic changes associated with the sharply increased activity of private capital. Thus, studying the social status of Kazakh bais in the late 19th and early 20th centuries is essential for understanding the class structure of Kazakh society of that period, the processes of social stratification, and the influence of the bais on the political and economic life of the region. This helps analyze how the colonial policy of the Russian Empire contributed to heightened social tension and how the old ruling class managed to preserve its position amid growing changes.
Accounts of the Capture of Baghdad and the Political Role of Hulagu Ilkhan in “Zubdat al-Fikra”
Zubdat al-Fikra is a significant historical source for studying the political, military, and cultural relations among the Ilkhanate, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, the Rum Seljuk State, and the Jochid Ulus in the second half of the thirteenth century. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the information in Zubdat al-Fikra concerning Hulagu Ilkhan’s life and political activities during the 1250s–1260s, and to determine its historical and source-critical significance. The article examines key events such as the capture of Baghdad, the establishment of Ilkhanid power, the fall and restoration of the Abbasid Caliphate, the enthronement of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Based on comparative analysis of Arabic sources, the research identifies and interprets previously unpublished excerpts from Zubdat al-Fikra, translated for the first time. These findings help clarify the chronology of Hulagu’s era and offer new insights into his political and ideological relations with the Mamluk Egypt, the Jochid Ulus, and the wider Islamic world. The methodological framework of the study includes external and internal criticism of sources, textual comparison, and historical reconstruction. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the political history of the Ilkhanate and reassess the historical role of Hulagu within the context of Islamic civilization.
Intellectual History: Formation and Methodological Features of a Scientific Field
The article analyzes theoretical and methodological issues related to the formation and development of one of the most relevant and in-demand areas of contemporary historical science—intellectual history. Intellectual history is a field of scientific research that developed intensively throughout the 20th century and has been the subject of constant debate at every stage of its evolution to the present day. The authors emphasize the important interdisciplinary significance of the term itself, which expresses a general methodological tendency toward synthesis within social and humanistic knowledge, and consider various forms of institutionalization of intellectual history, as well as its directions. The authors analyze the conditions of emergence, methodological features, and thematic scope of intellectual history, revealing the subject of intellectual history of science as human activity in specific social conditions. The article traces the formation of the modern view of the ideas, creativity, and biography of intellectuals as creators of a special intellectual space within their temporal context, and defines the originality of Lovejoy’s historiographical concept by two main points: first, the consideration of history through the prism of the development of individual ideas; second, the use of an interdisciplinary approach covering all aspects of reflective human life.
The Implementation of the Imperial System of Governance in Semirechye in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries
The article is devoted to the study of one of the less studied problems of Russian history — Semirechye in the management system of the Russian Empire. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive study of the problems of introducing the system of colonial administration in Semirechye. In the second half of the 19th century, the Semirechye region, which was of strategic importance for the Russian Empire, was brought into the new imperial system of governance, alien to Kazakh society. Based on extensive literature and archival documents, it has been established that Semirechye was governed by state power and an administrative apparatus, which constituted a gigantic structure encompassing a vast system of institutions with a complex hierarchy of officials. The operation of this vast administrative apparatus in the region, under the direct control of the military governor, was not without its shortcomings. The vastness of the territory, the lack of sufficiently experienced officials, and the widespread weakness of oversight created conditions for all manner of abuses. An analysis of the identified shortcomings and abuses in the regional administration and state apparatus was conducted. Although audits, as a method of overseeing regional governance, identified shortcomings, they did not effectively address their consequences. A comprehensive study was conducted of factors such as the dual subordination between ministries and the Turkestan Governor-General, the shortage of qualified employees with knowledge of local languages, and an indifferent attitude toward official duties, which gradually led to the development of bureaucratic relations within the colonial administration system.